MomentumTransferPhaseSystem.C

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    Copyright (C) 2015-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
    Copyright (C) 2020-2023 OpenCFD Ltd.
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License
    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
 
    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
 
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    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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#include "MomentumTransferPhaseSystem.H"
 
#include "BlendedInterfacialModel.H"
#include "dragModel.H"
#include "virtualMassModel.H"
#include "liftModel.H"
#include "wallLubricationModel.H"
#include "turbulentDispersionModel.H"
 
#include "HashPtrTable.H"
 
#include "fvmDdt.H"
#include "fvmDiv.H"
#include "fvmSup.H"
#include "fvcAverage.H"
#include "fvcDdt.H"
#include "fvcDiv.H"
#include "fvcFlux.H"
#include "fvcSnGrad.H"
#include "fvMatrix.H"
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::Kd
(
    const phasePairKey& key
) const
{
    if (dragModels_.found(key))
    {
        return dragModels_[key]->K();
    }
 
    return volScalarField::New
    (
        IOobject::scopedName(dragModel::typeName, "K"),
        IOobject::NO_REGISTER,
        this->mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dragModel::dimK)
    );
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::tmp<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::Kdf
(
    const phasePairKey& key
) const
{
    if (dragModels_.found(key))
    {
        return dragModels_[key]->Kf();
    }
 
    return surfaceScalarField::New
    (
        IOobject::scopedName(dragModel::typeName, "K"),
        IOobject::NO_REGISTER,
        this->mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dragModel::dimK)
    );
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::Vm
(
    const phasePairKey& key
) const
{
    if (virtualMassModels_.found(key))
    {
        return virtualMassModels_[key]->K();
    }
 
    return volScalarField::New
    (
        IOobject::scopedName(virtualMassModel::typeName, "K"),
        IOobject::NO_REGISTER,
        this->mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(virtualMassModel::dimK)
    );
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
void Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::
addMassTransferMomentumTransfer(phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable& eqns) const
{
    forAllConstIter
    (
        phaseSystem::phasePairTable,
        this->phasePairs_,
        phasePairIter
    )
    {
        const phasePair& pair(phasePairIter());
 
        if (pair.ordered())
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        // Note that the phase UEqn contains a continuity error term, which
        // implicitly adds a mass transfer term of fvm::Sp(dmdt, U). These
        // additions do not include this term.
 
        const volScalarField dmdt(this->dmdt(pair));
 
        if (!pair.phase1().stationary())
        {
            fvVectorMatrix& eqn = *eqns[pair.phase1().name()];
            const volScalarField dmdt21(posPart(dmdt));
 
            eqn += dmdt21*pair.phase2().U() - fvm::Sp(dmdt21, eqn.psi());
        }
 
        if (!pair.phase2().stationary())
        {
            fvVectorMatrix& eqn = *eqns[pair.phase2().name()];
            const volScalarField dmdt12(negPart(dmdt));
 
            eqn -= dmdt12*pair.phase1().U() - fvm::Sp(dmdt12, eqn.psi());
        }
    }
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::
MomentumTransferPhaseSystem
(
    const fvMesh& mesh
)
:
    BasePhaseSystem(mesh)
{
    this->generatePairsAndSubModels
    (
        "drag",
        dragModels_
    );
 
    this->generatePairsAndSubModels
    (
        "virtualMass",
        virtualMassModels_
    );
 
    this->generatePairsAndSubModels
    (
        "lift",
        liftModels_
    );
 
    this->generatePairsAndSubModels
    (
        "wallLubrication",
        wallLubricationModels_
    );
 
    this->generatePairsAndSubModels
    (
        "turbulentDispersion",
        turbulentDispersionModels_
    );
 
    forAllConstIter
    (
        dragModelTable,
        dragModels_,
        dragModelIter
    )
    {
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[dragModelIter.key()]);
 
        Kds_.set
        (
            pair,
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject::groupName("Kd", pair.name()),
                dragModelIter()->K()
            )
        );
 
        Kdfs_.set
        (
            pair,
            new surfaceScalarField
            (
                IOobject::groupName("Kdf", pair.name()),
                dragModelIter()->Kf()
            )
        );
    }
 
    forAllConstIter
    (
        virtualMassModelTable,
        virtualMassModels_,
        virtualMassModelIter
    )
    {
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[virtualMassModelIter.key()]);
 
        Vms_.set
        (
            pair,
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject::groupName("Vm", pair.name()),
                virtualMassModelIter()->K()
            )
        );
 
        Vmfs_.set
        (
            pair,
            new surfaceScalarField
            (
                IOobject::groupName("Vmf", pair.name()),
                virtualMassModelIter()->Kf()
            )
        );
    }
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Destructor  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::
~MomentumTransferPhaseSystem()
{}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::autoPtr<Foam::phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::momentumTransfer()
{
    // Create a momentum transfer matrix for each phase
    autoPtr<phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable> eqnsPtr
    (
        new phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable()
    );
 
    phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable& eqns = eqnsPtr();
 
    forAll(this->movingPhases(), movingPhasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->movingPhases()[movingPhasei];
 
        eqns.set
        (
            phase.name(),
            new fvVectorMatrix(phase.U(), dimMass*dimVelocity/dimTime)
        );
    }
 
    // Update the drag coefficients
    forAllConstIter
    (
        dragModelTable,
        dragModels_,
        dragModelIter
    )
    {
        *Kds_[dragModelIter.key()] = dragModelIter()->K();
        *Kdfs_[dragModelIter.key()] = dragModelIter()->Kf();
    }
 
    // Add the implicit part of the drag force
    forAllConstIter(KdTable, Kds_, KdIter)
    {
        const volScalarField& K(*KdIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            if (!iter().stationary())
            {
                fvVectorMatrix& eqn = *eqns[iter().name()];
 
                eqn -= fvm::Sp(K, eqn.psi());
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Update the virtual mass coefficients
    forAllConstIter
    (
        virtualMassModelTable,
        virtualMassModels_,
        virtualMassModelIter
    )
    {
        *Vms_[virtualMassModelIter.key()] = virtualMassModelIter()->K();
        *Vmfs_[virtualMassModelIter.key()] = virtualMassModelIter()->Kf();
    }
 
    // Add the virtual mass force
    forAllConstIter(VmTable, Vms_, VmIter)
    {
        const volScalarField& Vm(*VmIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[VmIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            const phaseModel& phase = iter();
            const phaseModel& otherPhase = iter.otherPhase();
 
            if (!phase.stationary())
            {
                fvVectorMatrix& eqn = *eqns[phase.name()];
 
                const volVectorField& U = eqn.psi();
                const tmp<surfaceScalarField> tphi(phase.phi());
                const surfaceScalarField& phi = tphi();
 
                eqn -=
                    Vm
                   *(
                        fvm::ddt(U)
                      + fvm::div(phi, U)
                      - fvm::Sp(fvc::div(phi), U)
                      - otherPhase.DUDt()
                    )
                  + this->MRF_.DDt(Vm, U - otherPhase.U());
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Add the source term due to mass transfer
    addMassTransferMomentumTransfer(eqns);
 
    return eqnsPtr;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::autoPtr<Foam::phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::momentumTransferf()
{
    // Create a momentum transfer matrix for each phase
    autoPtr<phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable> eqnsPtr
    (
        new phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable()
    );
 
    phaseSystem::momentumTransferTable& eqns = eqnsPtr();
 
    forAll(this->movingPhases(), movingPhasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->movingPhases()[movingPhasei];
 
        eqns.set
        (
            phase.name(),
            new fvVectorMatrix(phase.U(), dimMass*dimVelocity/dimTime)
        );
    }
 
    // Create U & grad(U) fields
    PtrList<fvVectorMatrix> UgradUs(this->phaseModels_.size());
    forAll(this->phaseModels_, phasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->phaseModels_[phasei];
 
        if (!phase.stationary())
        {
            const tmp<volVectorField> tU(phase.U());
            const volVectorField& U = tU();
 
            UgradUs.set
            (
                phasei,
                new fvVectorMatrix
                (
                    fvm::div(phase.phi(), U)
                  - fvm::Sp(fvc::div(phase.phi()), U)
                  + this->MRF().DDt(U)
                )
            );
        }
    }
 
    // Add the virtual mass force
    forAllConstIter(VmTable, Vms_, VmIter)
    {
        const volScalarField& Vm(*VmIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[VmIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            const phaseModel& phase = iter();
            const phaseModel& otherPhase = iter.otherPhase();
 
            if (!phase.stationary())
            {
                *eqns[phase.name()] -=
                    Vm
                   *(
                        UgradUs[phase.index()]
                      - (UgradUs[otherPhase.index()] & otherPhase.U())
                    );
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Add the source term due to mass transfer
    addMassTransferMomentumTransfer(eqns);
 
    return eqnsPtr;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::AFfs() const
{
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> AFfs(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Add the implicit part of the drag force
    forAllConstIter(KdfTable, Kdfs_, KdfIter)
    {
        const surfaceScalarField& Kf(*KdfIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdfIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            this->addField(iter(), "AFf", Kf, AFfs);
        }
    }
 
    // Add the implicit part of the virtual mass force
    forAllConstIter(VmfTable, Vmfs_, VmfIter)
    {
        const surfaceScalarField& Vmf(*VmfIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[VmfIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            this->addField(iter(), "AFf", byDt(Vmf), AFfs);
        }
    }
 
    if (this->fillFields_)
    {
        this->fillFields("AFf", dimDensity/dimTime, AFfs);
    }
 
    return AFfs;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::phiFs
(
    const PtrList<volScalarField>& rAUs
)
{
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> phiFs(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Add the lift force
    forAllConstIter
    (
        liftModelTable,
        liftModels_,
        liftModelIter
    )
    {
        const volVectorField F(liftModelIter()->F<vector>());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[liftModelIter.key()]);
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "phiF",
            fvc::flux(rAUs[pair.phase1().index()]*F),
            phiFs
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "phiF",
          - fvc::flux(rAUs[pair.phase2().index()]*F),
            phiFs
        );
    }
 
    // Add the wall lubrication force
    forAllConstIter
    (
        wallLubricationModelTable,
        wallLubricationModels_,
        wallLubricationModelIter
    )
    {
        const volVectorField F(wallLubricationModelIter()->F<vector>());
        const phasePair&
            pair(this->phasePairs_[wallLubricationModelIter.key()]);
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "phiF",
            fvc::flux(rAUs[pair.phase1().index()]*F),
            phiFs
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "phiF",
          - fvc::flux(rAUs[pair.phase2().index()]*F),
            phiFs
        );
    }
 
    // Add the phase pressure
    DByAfs_.clear();
    forAll(this->phaseModels_, phasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->phaseModels_[phasei];
 
        const surfaceScalarField pPrimeByAf
        (
            fvc::interpolate(rAUs[phasei]*phase.pPrime())
        );
 
        const surfaceScalarField snGradAlpha1
        (
            fvc::snGrad(phase)*this->mesh_.magSf()
        );
 
        this->addField(phase, "phiF", pPrimeByAf*snGradAlpha1, phiFs);
 
        const bool implicitPhasePressure =
            this->mesh_.solverDict(phase.volScalarField::name()).
            template getOrDefault<Switch>
            (
                "implicitPhasePressure",
                false
            );
 
        if (implicitPhasePressure)
        {
            this->addField(phase, "DByAf", pPrimeByAf, DByAfs_);
        }
    }
 
    // Add the turbulent dispersion force
    forAllConstIter
    (
        turbulentDispersionModelTable,
        turbulentDispersionModels_,
        turbulentDispersionModelIter
    )
    {
        const phasePair&
            pair(this->phasePairs_[turbulentDispersionModelIter.key()]);
 
        const volScalarField D(turbulentDispersionModelIter()->D());
 
        const surfaceScalarField DByA1f
        (
            fvc::interpolate(rAUs[pair.phase1().index()]*D)
        );
        const surfaceScalarField DByA2f
        (
            fvc::interpolate(rAUs[pair.phase2().index()]*D)
        );
 
        const surfaceScalarField snGradAlpha1
        (
            fvc::snGrad(pair.phase1())*this->mesh_.magSf()
        );
 
        this->addField(pair.phase1(), "phiF", DByA1f*snGradAlpha1, phiFs);
        this->addField(pair.phase2(), "phiF", - DByA2f*snGradAlpha1, phiFs);
 
        if (DByAfs_.found(pair.phase1().name()))
        {
            this->addField(pair.phase1(), "DByAf", DByA1f, DByAfs_);
        }
    }
 
    if (this->fillFields_)
    {
        this->fillFields("phiF", dimForce/dimDensity/dimVelocity, phiFs);
    }
 
    return phiFs;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::phiFfs
(
    const PtrList<surfaceScalarField>& rAUfs
)
{
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> phiFfs(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Add the explicit part of the virtual mass force
    forAllConstIter(VmfTable, Vmfs_, VmfIter)
    {
        const surfaceScalarField& Vmf(*VmfIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[VmfIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            this->addField
            (
                iter(),
                "phiFf",
              - rAUfs[iter().index()]*Vmf
               *(
                   byDt(this->MRF().absolute(iter().phi()().oldTime()))
                 + iter.otherPhase().DUDtf()
                ),
                phiFfs
            );
        }
    }
 
    // Add the lift force
    forAllConstIter
    (
        liftModelTable,
        liftModels_,
        liftModelIter
    )
    {
        const surfaceScalarField Ff(liftModelIter()->Ff());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[liftModelIter.key()]);
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "phiFs",
            rAUfs[pair.phase1().index()]*Ff,
            phiFfs
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "phiFf",
          - rAUfs[pair.phase2().index()]*Ff,
            phiFfs
        );
    }
 
    // Add the wall lubrication force
    forAllConstIter
    (
        wallLubricationModelTable,
        wallLubricationModels_,
        wallLubricationModelIter
    )
    {
        const surfaceScalarField Ff(wallLubricationModelIter()->Ff());
        const phasePair&
            pair(this->phasePairs_[wallLubricationModelIter.key()]);
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "phiFf",
            rAUfs[pair.phase1().index()]*Ff,
            phiFfs
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "phiFf",
          - rAUfs[pair.phase2().index()]*Ff,
            phiFfs
        );
    }
 
    // Add the phase pressure
    DByAfs_.clear();
    forAll(this->phaseModels_, phasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->phaseModels_[phasei];
 
        const surfaceScalarField pPrimeByAf
        (
            rAUfs[phasei]*fvc::interpolate(phase.pPrime())
        );
 
        const surfaceScalarField snGradAlpha1
        (
            fvc::snGrad(phase)*this->mesh_.magSf()
        );
 
        this->addField(phase, "phiFf", pPrimeByAf*snGradAlpha1, phiFfs);
 
        const bool implicitPhasePressure =
            this->mesh_.solverDict(phase.volScalarField::name()).
            template getOrDefault<Switch>
            (
                "implicitPhasePressure",
                false
            );
 
        if (implicitPhasePressure)
        {
            this->addField(phase, "DByAf", pPrimeByAf, DByAfs_);
        }
    }
 
    // Add the turbulent dispersion force and phase pressure
    forAllConstIter
    (
        turbulentDispersionModelTable,
        turbulentDispersionModels_,
        turbulentDispersionModelIter
    )
    {
        const phasePair&
            pair(this->phasePairs_[turbulentDispersionModelIter.key()]);
 
        const volScalarField D(turbulentDispersionModelIter()->D());
 
        const surfaceScalarField DByAf1
        (
            rAUfs[pair.phase1().index()]*fvc::interpolate(D)
        );
        const surfaceScalarField DByAf2
        (
            rAUfs[pair.phase2().index()]*fvc::interpolate(D)
        );
 
        const surfaceScalarField snGradAlpha1
        (
            fvc::snGrad(pair.phase1())*this->mesh_.magSf()
        );
 
        this->addField(pair.phase1(), "phiFf", DByAf1*snGradAlpha1, phiFfs);
        this->addField(pair.phase2(), "phiFf", - DByAf2*snGradAlpha1, phiFfs);
 
        if (DByAfs_.found(pair.phase1().name()))
        {
            this->addField(pair.phase1(), "DByAf", DByAf1, DByAfs_);
        }
    }
 
    if (this->fillFields_)
    {
        this->fillFields("phiFf", dimForce/dimDensity/dimVelocity, phiFfs);
    }
 
    return phiFfs;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::phiKdPhis
(
    const PtrList<volScalarField>& rAUs
) const
{
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> phiKdPhis(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Add the explicit part of the drag force
    forAllConstIter(KdTable, Kds_, KdIter)
    {
        const volScalarField& K(*KdIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            this->addField
            (
                iter(),
                "phiKdPhi",
              - fvc::interpolate(rAUs[iter().index()]*K)
               *this->MRF().absolute(iter.otherPhase().phi()),
                phiKdPhis
            );
        }
    }
 
    if (this->fillFields_)
    {
        this->fillFields
        (
            "phiKdPhi",
            dimForce/dimDensity/dimVelocity,
            phiKdPhis
        );
    }
 
    return phiKdPhis;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::phiKdPhifs
(
    const PtrList<surfaceScalarField>& rAUfs
) const
{
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> phiKdPhifs(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Add the explicit part of the drag force
    forAllConstIter(KdfTable, Kdfs_, KdfIter)
    {
        const surfaceScalarField& Kf(*KdfIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdfIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            this->addField
            (
                iter(),
                "phiKdPhif",
              - rAUfs[iter().index()]*Kf
               *this->MRF().absolute(iter.otherPhase().phi()),
                phiKdPhifs
            );
        }
    }
 
    if (this->fillFields_)
    {
        this->fillFields
        (
            "phiKdPhif",
            dimForce/dimDensity/dimVelocity,
            phiKdPhifs
        );
    }
 
    return phiKdPhifs;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::volVectorField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::KdUByAs
(
    const PtrList<volScalarField>& rAUs
) const
{
    PtrList<volVectorField> KdUByAs(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Add the explicit part of the drag force
    forAllConstIter(KdTable, Kds_, KdIter)
    {
        const volScalarField& K(*KdIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdIter.key()]);
 
        forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
        {
            this->addField
            (
                iter(),
                "KdUByA",
              - rAUs[iter().index()]*K*iter.otherPhase().U(),
                KdUByAs
            );
        }
    }
 
    if (this->fillFields_)
    {
        this->fillFields("KdUByA", dimVelocity, KdUByAs);
    }
 
    return KdUByAs;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
Foam::PtrList<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::ddtCorrByAs
(
    const PtrList<volScalarField>& rAUs,
    const bool includeVirtualMass
) const
{
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> ddtCorrByAs(this->phaseModels_.size());
 
    // Construct phi differences
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> phiCorrs(this->phaseModels_.size());
    forAll(this->phaseModels_, phasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->phaseModels_[phasei];
 
        phiCorrs.set
        (
            phasei,
            this->MRF().absolute(phase.phi()().oldTime())
          - fvc::flux(phase.U()().oldTime())
        );
    }
 
    // Add correction
    forAll(this->phaseModels_, phasei)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = this->phaseModels_[phasei];
        const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
 
        // Apply ddtPhiCorr filter in pure(ish) phases
        surfaceScalarField alphafBar
        (
            fvc::interpolate(fvc::average(fvc::interpolate(alpha)))
        );
 
        tmp<surfaceScalarField> phiCorrCoeff = pos0(alphafBar - 0.99);
 
        surfaceScalarField::Boundary& phiCorrCoeffBf =
            phiCorrCoeff.ref().boundaryFieldRef();
 
        forAll(this->mesh_.boundary(), patchi)
        {
            // Set ddtPhiCorr to 0 on non-coupled boundaries
            if
            (
                !this->mesh_.boundary()[patchi].coupled()
             || isA<cyclicAMIFvPatch>(this->mesh_.boundary()[patchi])
            )
            {
                phiCorrCoeffBf[patchi] = 0;
            }
        }
 
        this->addField
        (
            phase,
            "ddtCorrByA",
          - phiCorrCoeff*phiCorrs[phasei]*fvc::interpolate
            (
                byDt(alpha.oldTime()*phase.rho()().oldTime()*rAUs[phasei])
            ),
            ddtCorrByAs
        );
    }
 
    // Add virtual mass correction
    if (includeVirtualMass)
    {
        forAllConstIter(VmTable, Vms_, VmIter)
        {
            const volScalarField& Vm(*VmIter());
            const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[VmIter.key()]);
 
            forAllConstIter(phasePair, pair, iter)
            {
                const phaseModel& phase = iter();
                const phaseModel& otherPhase = iter.otherPhase();
 
                this->addField
                (
                    iter(),
                    "ddtCorrByA",
                  - fvc::interpolate(Vm*byDt(rAUs[phase.index()]))
                   *(
                       phiCorrs[phase.index()]
                     + this->MRF().absolute(otherPhase.phi())
                     - fvc::flux(otherPhase.U())
                     - phiCorrs[otherPhase.index()]
                    ),
                    ddtCorrByAs
                );
            }
        }
    }
 
    return ddtCorrByAs;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
void Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::partialElimination
(
    const PtrList<volScalarField>& rAUs
)
{
    Info<< "Inverting drag systems: ";
 
    phaseSystem::phaseModelList& phases = this->phaseModels_;
 
    // Create drag coefficient matrices
    PtrList<PtrList<volScalarField>> KdByAs(phases.size());
    PtrList<PtrList<surfaceScalarField>> phiKds(phases.size());
 
    forAll(phases, phasei)
    {
        KdByAs.set
        (
            phasei,
            new PtrList<volScalarField>(phases.size())
        );
 
        phiKds.set
        (
            phasei,
            new PtrList<surfaceScalarField>(phases.size())
        );
    }
 
    forAllConstIter(KdTable, Kds_, KdIter)
    {
        const volScalarField& K(*KdIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdIter.key()]);
 
        const label phase1i = pair.phase1().index();
        const label phase2i = pair.phase2().index();
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "KdByA",
          - rAUs[phase1i]*K,
            KdByAs[phase1i]
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "KdByA",
          - rAUs[phase2i]*K,
            KdByAs[phase2i]
        );
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "phiKd",
            fvc::interpolate(KdByAs[phase1i][phase2i]),
            phiKds[phase1i]
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "phiKd",
            fvc::interpolate(KdByAs[phase2i][phase1i]),
            phiKds[phase2i]
        );
    }
 
    forAll(phases, phasei)
    {
        this->fillFields("KdByAs", dimless, KdByAs[phasei]);
        this->fillFields("phiKds", dimless, phiKds[phasei]);
 
        KdByAs[phasei][phasei] = 1;
        phiKds[phasei][phasei] = 1;
    }
 
    // Decompose
    for (label i = 0; i < phases.size(); ++ i)
    {
        for (label j = i + 1; j < phases.size(); ++ j)
        {
            KdByAs[i][j] /= KdByAs[i][i];
            phiKds[i][j] /= phiKds[i][i];
            for (label k = i + 1; k < phases.size(); ++ k)
            {
                KdByAs[j][k] -= KdByAs[j][i]*KdByAs[i][k];
                phiKds[j][k] -= phiKds[j][i]*phiKds[i][k];
            }
        }
    }
    {
        volScalarField detKdByAs(KdByAs[0][0]);
        surfaceScalarField detPhiKdfs(phiKds[0][0]);
        for (label i = 1; i < phases.size(); ++ i)
        {
            detKdByAs *= KdByAs[i][i];
            detPhiKdfs *= phiKds[i][i];
        }
        Info<< "Min cell/face det = " << gMin(detKdByAs.primitiveField())
            << "/" << gMin(detPhiKdfs.primitiveField()) << endl;
    }
 
    // Solve for the velocities and fluxes
    for (label i = 1; i < phases.size(); ++ i)
    {
        if (!phases[i].stationary())
        {
            for (label j = 0; j < i; j ++)
            {
                phases[i].URef() -= KdByAs[i][j]*phases[j].U();
                phases[i].phiRef() -= phiKds[i][j]*phases[j].phi();
            }
        }
    }
    for (label i = phases.size() - 1; i >= 0; i --)
    {
        if (!phases[i].stationary())
        {
            for (label j = phases.size() - 1; j > i; j --)
            {
                phases[i].URef() -= KdByAs[i][j]*phases[j].U();
                phases[i].phiRef() -= phiKds[i][j]*phases[j].phi();
            }
            phases[i].URef() /= KdByAs[i][i];
            phases[i].phiRef() /= phiKds[i][i];
        }
    }
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
void Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::partialEliminationf
(
    const PtrList<surfaceScalarField>& rAUfs
)
{
    Info<< "Inverting drag system: ";
 
    phaseSystem::phaseModelList& phases = this->phaseModels_;
 
    // Create drag coefficient matrix
    PtrList<PtrList<surfaceScalarField>> phiKdfs(phases.size());
 
    forAll(phases, phasei)
    {
        phiKdfs.set
        (
            phasei,
            new PtrList<surfaceScalarField>(phases.size())
        );
    }
 
    forAllConstIter(KdfTable, Kdfs_, KdfIter)
    {
        const surfaceScalarField& K(*KdfIter());
        const phasePair& pair(this->phasePairs_[KdfIter.key()]);
 
        const label phase1i = pair.phase1().index();
        const label phase2i = pair.phase2().index();
 
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase2(),
            "phiKdf",
          - rAUfs[phase1i]*K,
            phiKdfs[phase1i]
        );
        this->addField
        (
            pair.phase1(),
            "phiKdf",
          - rAUfs[phase2i]*K,
            phiKdfs[phase2i]
        );
    }
 
    forAll(phases, phasei)
    {
        this->fillFields("phiKdf", dimless, phiKdfs[phasei]);
 
        phiKdfs[phasei][phasei] = 1;
    }
 
    // Decompose
    for (label i = 0; i < phases.size(); ++ i)
    {
        for (label j = i + 1; j < phases.size(); ++ j)
        {
            phiKdfs[i][j] /= phiKdfs[i][i];
            for (label k = i + 1; k < phases.size(); ++ k)
            {
                phiKdfs[j][k] -= phiKdfs[j][i]*phiKdfs[i][k];
            }
        }
    }
    {
        surfaceScalarField detPhiKdfs(phiKdfs[0][0]);
        for (label i = 1; i < phases.size(); ++ i)
        {
            detPhiKdfs *= phiKdfs[i][i];
        }
        Info<< "Min face det = " << gMin(detPhiKdfs.primitiveField()) << endl;
    }
 
    // Solve for the fluxes
    for (label i = 1; i < phases.size(); ++ i)
    {
        if (!phases[i].stationary())
        {
            for (label j = 0; j < i; j ++)
            {
                phases[i].phiRef() -= phiKdfs[i][j]*phases[j].phi();
            }
        }
    }
    for (label i = phases.size() - 1; i >= 0; i --)
    {
        if (!phases[i].stationary())
        {
            for (label j = phases.size() - 1; j > i; j --)
            {
                phases[i].phiRef() -= phiKdfs[i][j]*phases[j].phi();
            }
            phases[i].phiRef() /= phiKdfs[i][i];
        }
    }
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
const Foam::HashPtrTable<Foam::surfaceScalarField>&
Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::DByAfs() const
{
    return DByAfs_;
}
 
 
template<class BasePhaseSystem>
bool Foam::MomentumTransferPhaseSystem<BasePhaseSystem>::read()
{
    if (BasePhaseSystem::read())
    {
        bool readOK = true;
 
        // Read models ...
 
        return readOK;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}
 
 
// ************************************************************************* //